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<title>Functionality doctrine</title>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Authors'_rights" title="Authors' rights">Authors' rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_right" title="Database right">Database right</a></li>

<li><a href="Farmers'_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers' rights">Farmers' rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design right</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit_layout_design_protection" title="Integrated circuit layout design protection">Integrated circuit layout design protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property_infringement" title="Intellectual property infringement">Intellectual property infringement</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_property" title="Literary property">Literary property</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">Moral rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants' rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_breeders'_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">Plant breeders' rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">Plant genetic resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li>

<li><a href="Related_rights" title="Related rights">Related rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Supplementary_protection_certificate" title="Supplementary protection certificate">Supplementary protection certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li>

<li><a href="Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark</a></li>

<li><a href="Utility_model" title="Utility model">Utility model</a></li>

<li><a href="Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">Patent infringement</a></li></ul></td>

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Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">Artificial intelligence and copyright</a></li>

<li><a href="Brand_protection" title="Brand protection">Brand protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction" title="Idea–expression distinction">Idea–expression distinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">Limitations and exceptions to copyright</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">Fair dealing</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">Paraphrasing</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_quote" title="Right to quote">Right to quote</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan work</a></li>

<li><a href="Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent troll</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_intellectual_property" title="Outline of intellectual property">Outline of intellectual property</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_patents" title="Outline of patents">Outline of patents</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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<i>Higher categories:</i><br><a href="Property" title="Property">Property</a> and <a href="Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></td>

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<p>Under <a href="United_States_trademark_law" title="United States trademark law">United States trademark law</a>, the <b>functionality doctrine</b> provides that product features that are functional cannot be protected as <a href="Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A product feature is considered functional if it is essential to the product’s use or purpose, or if it has an impact on the product’s cost or quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the doctrine is to encourage legitimate competition by ensuring a balance between trademark law and patent law.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A key case illustrating the functionality doctrine is <i><a href="TrafFix_Devices%2C_Inc._v._Marketing_Displays%2C_Inc." title="TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.">Traffix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.</a></i> (2001). In this case, the Supreme Court held that a dual-spring design for a road sign was not eligible for <a href="Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">trade dress</a> protection—a category within trademark law—because it served a purpose beyond “informing consumers that the sign stands are made by” the plaintiff.<sup id="cite_ref-Case_600_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case_600-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are two branches of the functionality doctrine: utilitarian functionality and aesthetic functionality. The rationale behind functionality doctrine is that product markets would not be truly competitive if newcomers could not make a product with a feature that consumers demand. Utilitarian functionality provides grounds to deny federal trademark protection to product features which do something useful. Patent law, not trademark, protects useful processes, <a href="Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>, and material <a href="Invention" title="Invention">inventions</a>. Patented designs are presumed to be functional until proven otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aesthetic functionality provides grounds to deny trademark protection to design features which are included to make the product more aesthetically appealing and commercially desirable. Aesthetic features are within the purview of <a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> law, which provides protection to creative and original works of authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilitarian_Functionality">Utilitarian Functionality</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Utilitarian_design" title="Utilitarian design">Utilitarian design</a></div>

<p>Courts will look to the following factors when determining utilitarian functionality:

</p>

<ul><li>Whether a feature is essential to the use or purpose of the product; or</li>

<li>Whether a feature affects the cost or quality of the product; or</li>

<li>Whether granting of trademark for the exclusive use of the feature would put competitors at a significant non-reputation related disadvantage<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>As of 2014 the federal circuit courts are split on their utilitarian functionality analysis. Most circuits, such as the Fifth Circuit<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Sixth Circuit<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> follow the Supreme Court's analysis in <i><a href="TrafFix_Devices%2C_Inc._v._Marketing_Displays%2C_Inc." title="TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.">TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which focuses on whether the feature is essential to the use or purpose of the product. The Federal Circuit in contrast focuses its analysis on whether permitting a product feature to be trademarked would impair competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aesthetic_Functionality">Aesthetic Functionality</h2></div>

<p>In the United States, the “functionality” doctrine exists to stop a party from obtaining exclusive trade dress or trademark rights in the functional features of a product or its packaging. The doctrine developed as a way to preserve the division between what trademark law protects and areas that are better protected by patent or copyright law. Thus, the functionality doctrine serves to prevent trademark owners from inhibiting legitimate competition <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When the aesthetic development of the good is intended to enhance the design and make the product more commercially desirable, trademark protection may be denied because the consumer is drawn to the design. The distinctiveness of the mark serves to identify the product rather than the source, and trademark protection becomes inappropriate. The underlying theory as aesthetics become integrated with functionality, the resulting product strongly resembles product design, which may receive no trademark protection absent secondary meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This defense is generally seen in the fashion industry. Clothing brands can only be protected if they've acquired secondary meaning, and most of clothing design is held to be functional and is afforded no protection.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Idea-expression_divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea-expression divide">Idea-expression divide</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/functionality_doctrine_(trademark)">"functionality doctrine (trademark)"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-10</span></span>. <q>The functionality doctrine is a rule in trademark law which states that functional product features cannot serve as a trademark. A product feature is considered functional if it is essential to the use or purpose of the product or if it affects the cost or quality of the product. For example, in Valu Engineering, Inc. v. Rexnord Corp., the court decided that certain conveyor belt shapes were functional due to their increased performance over alternative designs and were therefore not eligible to be considered a trademark.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tmep.uspto.gov/RDMS/TMEP/current#/result/TMEP-1200d1e914.html?q=Functionality%20Doctrine&ccb=on&ncb=off&icb=off&fcb=off&ver=current&syn=adj">"1202.02(a)(ii) Purpose of Functionality Doctrine"</a>. <i>tmep.uspto.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-10</span></span>. <q>The functionality doctrine, which prohibits registration of functional product features, is intended to encourage legitimate competition by maintaining a proper balance between trademark law and patent law.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Case_600-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Case_600_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="Traffix_Devices%2C_Inc._v._Marketing_Displays%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Traffix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.">Traffix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/traffix-devices-inc-v-marketing-displays-inc">532 U.S. 23</a> (2001).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="TrafFix_Devices%2C_Inc._v._Marketing_Displays%2C_Inc." title="TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.">TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.</a></i>, 532 U.S. 23 (2001)</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="Qualitex_v._Jacobson_Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitex v. Jacobson Products">Qualitex v. Jacobson Products</a></i>, 514 U.S. 159 (1995)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>German Eppendorf-Netheler-Hinz GMBH v. Ritter GMBH</i>, 289 F.3d 351 (5th Cir. 2002)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Antioch Co. v. Western Trimming Corp.</i>, 347 F.3d 150 (6th Cir. 2003)</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Valu Engineering v. Rexnord Corp</i>, 278 F.3d 1268 (Fed. Cir. 2002)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315021653/http://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/AestheticFunctionalityAfterLouboutin.aspx">"Aesthetic Functionality After Louboutin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/AestheticFunctionalityAfterLouboutin.aspx">the original</a> on 2015-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Louboutin S.A. v. Yves Saint Laurent America, Inc., 778 F. Supp. 2d 445, 447–48 (S.D.N.Y. 2011)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/529/205/">"Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. V. Samara Brothers, Inc., 529 U.S. 205 (2000)"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trademark_law245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Trademark_law245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trademark_distinctiveness" title="Trademark distinctiveness">Distinctiveness</a></li>

<li><a href="Trademark_dilution" title="Trademark dilution">Dilution</a></li>

<li><a href="Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">Generic trademark</a></li>

<li><a href="Passing_off" title="Passing off">Passing off</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_use_registration" title="Concurrent use registration">Concurrent use</a></li>

<li><a href="Priority_right" title="Priority right">Priority right</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_mark_coexistence_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade mark coexistence agreement">Coexistence agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Confusing_similarity" title="Confusing similarity">Confusing similarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Initial_interest_confusion" title="Initial interest confusion">Initial interest confusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Tea_Rose_%E2%80%93_Rectanus_doctrine" title="Tea Rose – Rectanus doctrine">Good faith doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_liability" title="Secondary liability">Secondary liability</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominative_use" title="Nominative use">Nominative use</a></li>

<li><a href="Disparagement" title="Disparagement">Disparagement</a></li>

<li><a href="Reputation_parasitism" title="Reputation parasitism">Reputation parasitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybersquatting" title="Cybersquatting">Cybersquatting</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_import" title="Parallel import">Parallel import</a></li>

<li><a href="Trademark#Well-known_status" title="Trademark">Well-known trademark</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrid_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid Agreement">Madrid Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrid_Protocol" title="Madrid Protocol">Madrid Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">TRIPS</a></li>

<li><a href="Singapore_Treaty_on_the_Law_of_Trademarks" title="Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks">Singapore Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_Trade_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Trade Mark">Community Trade Mark</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_Domain-Name_Dispute-Resolution_Policy" title="Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy">Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Australian_trade_mark_law" title="Australian trade mark law">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_trademark_law" title="Canadian trademark law">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Trademark_law_of_China" title="Trademark law of China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_mark_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Trade mark law of the European Union">European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_trademark_law" title="Indian trademark law">India</a></li>

<li>Ireland</li>

<li><a href="Japanese_trademark_law" title="Japanese trademark law">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_trademark_law" title="Philippine trademark law">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_trade_mark_law" title="United Kingdom trade mark law">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_trademark_law" title="United States trademark law">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Trademark_classification" title="Trademark classification">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="International_(Nice)_Classification_of_Goods_and_Services" title="International (Nice) Classification of Goods and Services">Standard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Registered_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered trademark">Registered trademark</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_mark" title="Service mark">Service mark</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li>

<li><a href="Unregistered_trademark" title="Unregistered trademark">Unregistered trademark</a></li>

<li><a href="Wordmark" title="Wordmark">Wordmark</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Certification_mark" title="Certification mark">Certification marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_mark" title="Chartered mark">Chartered marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective trademark">Collective trademarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Defensive_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive trademark">Defensive trademarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_registration_mark" title="Electronic registration mark">Electronic registration marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces" title="Intellectual property protection of typefaces">Font trademark</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_mark" title="Ghost mark">Ghost marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a></li>

<li><a href="Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">Protected designation of origin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Non-conventional_trademark" title="Non-conventional trademark">Non-conventional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Colour_trade_mark" title="Colour trade mark">Colour trademarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Hologram_trademark" title="Hologram trademark">Hologram trademarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion trademark">Motion trademarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Scent_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent trademark">Scent trademarks</a></li>

<li>Shape trademarks</li>

<li><a href="Sound_trademark" title="Sound trademark">Sound trademarks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brand" title="Brand">Brand</a></li>

<li><a href="Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="International_Trademark_Association" title="International Trademark Association">International Trademark Association</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Intellectual_Property_Office" title="European Union Intellectual Property Office">EUIPO</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">USPTO</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">ICANN</a></li>

<li><a href="Deutsches_Patent-_und_Markenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt">Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">Registered trademark symbol</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_mark_symbol" title="Service mark symbol">Service mark symbol</a></li>

<li><a href="Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">Unregistered trademark symbol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Budweiser_trademark_dispute" title="Budweiser trademark dispute">Budweiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Debian%E2%80%93Mozilla_trademark_dispute" title="Debian–Mozilla trademark dispute">Debian–Mozilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Stolichnaya_trademark_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolichnaya trademark dispute">Stolichnaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugg_boots_trademark_dispute" title="Ugg boots trademark dispute">Ugg boots</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_Redskins_trademark_dispute" title="Washington Redskins trademark dispute">Washington Redskins</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Trademark_attorney" title="Trademark attorney">Trademark attorney</a></li>

<li><a href="Trademark_examiner" title="Trademark examiner">Trademark examiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Trademark_infringement" title="Trademark infringement">Trademark infringement</a></li>

<li><a href="Trademark_share" title="Trademark share">Trademark share</a></li>

<li><a href="Trademark_troll" title="Trademark troll">Trademark troll</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Trademark_Review" title="World Trademark Review">World Trademark Review</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>Category:Trademark law</li>

<li>WP:MOS/Trademarks</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Functionality_doctrine&oldid=1276863206">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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